Correlation Between Spot Urine Sodium, 24 Hour Urinary Sodium and Food Frequency Questionnairein Estimation of Salt Intake in Healthy Individuals

Authors

  • Jaafar Maryam Kamiliah Centre for Graduate Studies, Research and Commercialization, Malaysia
  • Nordin Nani Faculty of Medicine, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
  • Abdul Rahman Abdul Rashid Centre for Graduate Studies, Research and Commercialization, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v5i1.237

Keywords:

Spot urine sodium, 24-hour urinary sodium, salt intake, Second Morning Urine (SMU), FFQ Na, hypertension

Abstract

Background:Salt intake is a known contributor to increased blood pressure. However, it is rarely monitored in clinical practice. 24-hr urinary sodium (24-HrNa) is the gold standard method to estimate salt intake but this method is rather burdensome.

Objective: The objective of this study is to correlate between spot urine sodium (SUNa), 24-HrNa and Na intake estimation by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (FFQNa).

Methods : 430 healthy participants aged between 20-40 years old were recruited. Second morning voided urine samples were obtained from all participants to estimate SUNa. 24-HrNa samples were obtained from 77 out of 430 participants. All participants were required to answer a validated FFQ. Urine samples were analysed for Na using indirect ion-selective electrode (ISE) method. Daily sodium intake was calculated from the FFQ.

Results:The mean daily sodium intake from 24-hrNa (n=77) was 155 mmol/day, SUNa (n=430) was 158 mmol/L and FFQNa (n=430) was 271 mmol/day. There was a moderate correlation between SUNa and 24-hrNa (ρ = 0.62, P < 0.000). No correlation was seen between both 24-hrNa and SUNa with FFQNa (ρ = 0.035, P = 0.768 and ρ = 0.026, P = 0.597 respectively).

Conclusion: Spot urine Na is a simple cost-effective method to estimate daily Na intake and has the potential to replace 24-hour urinary Na.

International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 01 January’21 Page: 74-80

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Published

2020-07-05

How to Cite

Kamiliah, J. M., Nani, N., & Rashid, A. R. A. (2020). Correlation Between Spot Urine Sodium, 24 Hour Urinary Sodium and Food Frequency Questionnairein Estimation of Salt Intake in Healthy Individuals. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS), 5(1), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v5i1.237

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 1 (2021)

Section

Original Articles

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Copyright (c) 2020 Jaafar Maryam Kamiliah, Nordin Nani, Abdul Rahman Abdul Rashid

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