Comparison the Effectiveness of Chitosan in Blue Crab Shells with Ciprofloxacin to the Development of Eschericia coli

Background: Escherichia coliis a normal intestinal flora that have contributions on the normal functioning of human digestion, but it will turn into a pathogen when it is outside the intestinal tract. E. coli including family Enterobacteriaceae, facultative anaerobic. Characteristics of E. coli is a bacteria gram-negative rod-shaped, motile with flagella or nonmotile, fermentation of glucose, and producing gas. Chitosan has antimicrobial effect against bacteria. Amine moieties of chitosancontent positively charged which is very reactive, and have the ability to bind with the cell walls of bacteria are negative charged. Amine cluster also has a free electron pair, so it was able to attract minerals Ca2+ in the cell walls of bacteria. Objective: to know the comparative effectiveness of chitosanon the shell of a small crab attaching with ciprofloxacin antibiotics against the development of the bacteria E. coli. Methods: this research uses experimental methods. Techniques used in measuring antimicrobial activity is the diffusion disc method. Results: the results showed that the average diameter of the inhibitory zones of chitosanagainst E. coli in a row with a concentration of 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, and 8% is 14.22 mm, 11.94 mm, 9.18 mm, 11.19 mm, and 8.76 mm. Whereas the average diameter of the inhibitory zones of ciprofloxacin is 42.31 mm. Conclusion: Chitosanon small crab attaching shells with a concentration of the most effective in inhibiting the development of the bacteria E. coli is chitosanwith concentrations of 4% with the average drag zone amounting to 14,22 mm.


Introduction
Infection is a cause of increased rates of morbidity and mortalities especially on developing countries such as Indonesia.Infection is an illness to who caused by microbes pathogenic.One of the cause is that bacteria.Bacterium that can caused infectious disease for example E. coli 1 .E.coli is the major cause of infections of the urinary tract (urinary tract infection / UTI) and may also be causes it to be pathogenic infection acute meningitis, pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections, an infection of the enteric, and others.E. coli is of flora normal intestinal on a system the digestion of the human that have a contribution to the normal functioning of intestinal but this bacteria will compose turned into pathogenic iflacks the outside intestinal 2 .Resistance from the E. coli against a broad range of an antibiotic has done much of the it has been reported.The results of an research it is stated that bacteria E. coli selects for resistant 60 % against amoxicillin, whereas for ciprofloxacin and gentamicin sensitive 100 % 3 .Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic antibiotics who was among those fluoroquinolone the second generation who come from the better quinolone.The people of the fluoroquinolone so called because even worse because the changes atoms of fluorine on the rings kuinolon 4 .Thefluoroquinolone are still recommended as an antibiotic prophylactic infections of the urinary tract because fluoroquinolone having the power of a strong antibacterial especially against E. coli.But in the near future it has been much it has been reported about of resistance from the the companions of the fluoroquinolone especially ciprofloxacin as prophylactic therapy infections of the urinary tract of the tariffs range from 20 % -30 % 5 .Indonesia produced any type of waste you the shell of a crab, the skin or the head of shrimp, and other marine animals not less than 56.200 metric tons.The waste has it is been proven do contain many chitin, through certain processes of will produce a current of chitosan so that indonesia have a chance to producing chitin and chitosan from the waste has.At the present time, indonesia had yet to often utilized the waste has so that only also from that affect the environment, especially influence against bad smell and pollution of air 6 .
Chitosan capable of inhibiting microorganisms such as fungi, gram-positive bacteria and gramnegative bacteria because they have of the nature of antimicroba having a cluster of functional amines (-NH2) which chargedpositive and very reactive, so that it can be bonded to bacterium cell wall which charged negative and having a structure resembling peptidoglycan the structure authors 90% bacterium cell wall gram-positive.
Chitosan having the nature of disturbing activity outer membrane gram-negative bacteria 7 .

Methods
The research is experimental research laboratory with the methods post test only control group design.

Sample
Sample used is culture bacteria Escherichia coli in a Muller Hinton Agar(MHA) in incubation at a temperature 37 o C for 24 hours.For the determination of the sample of the researchers used Federer Formula: Descriptions: n = The number of treatment t = The number of sample Federer Formula = (n-1) (t-1) ≥ 15 (n-1) (6-1) ≥ 15 (n-1) (5) ≥ 15 5n-5 ≥ 15 5n ≥ 20 n ≥ 4 Obtained the calculation on the sample of the as many as ≥ 4 to each group.Then to be divided into 4 groups with local as follows : 1. Muller Hinton Agarto be culture bacteria E. coli and given Chitosan 4% (P1) 2. Muller Hinton Agarto be culture bacteria E. coli and given Chitosan 5% (P2) 3. Muller Hinton Agarto be culture bacteria E. coli and given Chitosan 6% (P3) 4. Muller Hinton Agarto be culture bacteria E. coli and given Chitosan 7% (P4) 5. Muller Hinton Agarto be culture bacteria E. coli and given Chitosan 8% (P5) 6. Muller Hinton Agarto be culture bacteria E. coli and given Ciprofloxacin (P6) Total sample acquired at this study is 24 sample with each group will be conducted 4 repetition.

Data Analysis
The data obtained of the study are the primary data was the results of research that is a comparison of the effectiveness of chitosan with antibiotics ciprofloxacin to the development of bacteria E. coli by measuring wide clear zone around paper compact discs containingchitosan and ciprofloxacin.The results of the study comparison the effectiveness of chitosan with antibiotics ciprofloxacin to the development of bacteria E. coli analyzed exclusively on the computer statistics, to compare the effectiveness of that is meaningful from each group test that is the discus ciprofloxacin, and disk containing chitosan by concentration of the 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, and 8%.Data analysis of analysis descriptive and the hypothesis on the data SPSS of sports, data variable measured from each group variable described in the form of tables and bars.
Table provide an illustration of data descriptive mean and standard deviations, while bars provide a comparison zone obstruent Chitosan and ciprofloxacin to the development of E. coli.And if the data including the statistics parametric, data the normal distribution is undergone a hypothesis with One Way ANOVA.But, if data not normal distribution it will be done transformation of data by the hypothesis uses the Kruskal-Wallis.Results In table 1 shows that there are differences zone obstruent of various concentration chitosan .In concentration chitosan 4% repetition 2 obtained an obstruent zone highest 16,04 mm. in concentration chitosan 5% repetition 1 obtained zone obstruent highest which is about 12,64 mm. in concentration chitosan 6% repetition 2 obtained zone obstruent highest about 12,13 mm. in concentration chitosan 7% repetition 2 obtained zone obstruent highest which is about 10,20 mm. in concentration chitosan 8% repetition 4 obtained zone obstruent